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Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research professional development and education. We consider several interpretations of the observed age difference. We interpret the results in terms of 2 proposed word learning biases: one that learners initially expect any word applied to an unfamiliar object to refer to a (basic-level) kind of object, and a second that learners prefer words to contrast in meaning. g., "This is a very zav-ish one"), and replicated the results of Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, we employed a more unambiguously adjectival frame (e. No such familiarity effect was evident among 2-year-olds. The principal finding was that in interpreting an adjective, 4-year-olds were more likely to choose the object sharing material kind with the target if the target was familiar than if it was unfamiliar. Within each form class, we crossed the familiarity of the referent object kind (familiar and unfamiliar) with the age of the children (2- and 4-year-olds).
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In Experiment 1, children learned either a count noun (e. g., a white plastic cup) the other was from a different object kind but the same material kind (with the same related properties e. One was from the same object kind but a different material kind (with different related properties, such as color and texture e. g., a metal cup), and then chose between 2 other objects. We used a forced-choice match-to-target task, in which children learned a word for one object (e. e., knowledge of a count noun for an object) on preschoolers' sensitivity to the relation between a novel word's form class (adjective or count noun) and its reference (to a material kind-property or to an object kind). We examined the role of object kind familiarity (i.